中华人民共和国宪法
CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
（一九八二年十二月四日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过）
(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the
Fifth National People's Congress and
promulgated for implementation by
the Proclamation of the National
People's Congress on December 4,
1982)
目
录
Contents
序
言
Preamble
第一章
总
纲
Chapter I General Principle
第二章
公民的基本权利和义务
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights
and Duties of Citizens
第三章
国家机构
Chapter III The Structure of the
State
第一节
全国人民代表大会
Section 1 The National People's
Congress
第二节
中华人民共和国主席
Section 2 The President of the
People's Republic of China
第三节
国务院
Section 3 The State Council
第四节
中央军事委员会
Section 4 The Central Military
Commission
第五节
地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府
Section 5 The Local People's
Congresses and Local People's
Governments at Various Levels
第六节
民族自治地方的自治机关
Section 6 The Organs of
Self-Government of National
Autonomous Areas
第七节
人民法院和人民检察院
Section 7 The People's Courts and
the People's Procuratorates
第四章
国旗、国徽、首都
Chapter IV The National Flag , the
National Emblem and the Capital
序
言
Preamble
中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。
China is a
country with one of the longest
histories in the world. The people
of all of China's nationalities have
jointly created a culture of
grandeur and have a glorious
revolutionary tradition.
一八四0年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。
After 1840, feudal China was
gradually turned into a
semi-colonial and semi-feudal
country. The Chinese people waged
many successive heroic struggles for
national independence and liberation
and for democracy and freedom.
二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。
Great and earthshaking historical
changes have taken place in China in
the 20th century.
一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。
The Revolution of 1911, led by Dr.
Sun Yat-sen, abolished the feudal
monarchy and gave birth to the
Republic of China. But the historic
mission of the Chinese people to
overthrow imperialism and feudalism
remained unaccomplished.
一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国*领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权力，成为国家的主人。
After waging protracted and arduous
struggles, armed and otherwise,
along a zigzag course, the Chinese
people of all nationalities led by
the Communist Party of China with
Chairman Mao Zedong as its leader
ultimately, in 1949, overthrew the
rule of imperialism, feudalism and
bureaucrat-capitalism, won a great
victory in the New-Democratic
Revolution and founded the People's
Republic of China. Since then the
Chinese people have taken control of
state power and become masters of
the country.
中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。
After the founding of the People's
Republic, China gradually achieved
its transition from a New-Democratic
to a socialist society.
生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。
The socialist transformation of the
private ownership of the means of
production has been completed, the
system of exploitation of man by man
abolished and the socialist system
established.
工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。
The people's democratic dictatorship
led by the working class and based
on the alliance of workers and
peasants, which is in essence the
dictatorship of the proletariat, has
been consolidated and developed.
中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。
The Chinese people and the Chinese
People's Liberation Army have
defeated imperialist and hegemonist
aggression, sabotage and armed
provocations and have thereby
safeguarded China's national
independence and security and
strengthened its national defence.
经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。
Major successes have been achieved
in economic development. An
independent and relatively
comprehensive socialist system of
industry has basically been
established. There has been a marked
increase in agricultural production.
Significant advances have been made
in educational, scientific and
cultural undertakings, while
education in socialist ideology has
produced noteworthy results. The
life of the people has improved
considerably.
中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国*领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国*领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家。
Both the victory in China's
New-Democratic Revolution and the
successes in its socialist cause
have been achieved by the Chinese
people of all nationalities, under
the leadership of the Communist
Party of China and the guidance of
Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong
Thought, by upholding truth,
correcting errors and surmounting
numerous difficulties and hardships.
The basic task of the nation in the
years to come is to concentrate its
effort on socialist modernization.
Under the leadership of the
Communist Party of China and the
guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao
Zedong Thought, the Chinese people
of all nationalities will continue
to adhere to the people's democratic
dictatorship and the socialist road,
steadily improve socialist
institutions, develop socialist
democracy, improve the socialist
legal system, and work hard and
self-reliantly to modernize the
country's industry, agriculture,
national defence and science and
technology step by step to turn
China into a socialist country with
a high level of culture and
democracy.
在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子，必须进行斗争。
The exploiting classes as such have
been abolished in our
country.However, class struggle will
continue to exist within certain
bounds for a long time to come. The
Chinese people must fight against
those forces and elements, both at
home and abroad, that are hostile to
China's socialist system and try to
undermine it.
台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。
Taiwan is part of the sacred
territory of the People's Republic
of China. It is the inviolable duty
of all Chinese people, including our
compatriots in Taiwan, to accomplish
the great task of reunifying the
motherland.
社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子，团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命和建设过程中，已经结成由中国*领导的，有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者、拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线，这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织，过去发挥了重要的历史作用，今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中，在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中，将进一步发挥它的重要作用。
In building socialism it is
essential to rely on workers,
peasants and intellectuals and to
unite all forces that can be united.
In the long years of revolution and
construction, there has been formed
under the leadership of the
Communist Party of China a broad
patriotic united front which is
composed of the democratic parties
and people's organizations and which
embraces all socialist working
people, all patriots who support
socialism and all patriots who stand
for the reunification of the
motherland. This united front will
continue to be consolidated and
developed. The Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference, a
broadly based representative
organization of the united front
which has played a significant
historical role, will play a still
more important role in the country's
political and social life, in
promoting friendship with other
countries and in the struggle for
socialist modernization and for the
reunification and unity of the
country.
中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系已经确立，并将继续加强。
The People's Republic of China is a
unitary multinational state created
jointly by the people of all its
nationalities. Socialist relations
of equality, unity and mutual
assistance have been established
among the nationalities and will
continue to be strengthened.
在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力，促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。
In the struggle to safeguard the
unity of the nationalities, it is
necessary to combat big- nation
chauvinism, mainly Han chauvinism,
and to combat local national
chauvinism. The state will do its
utmost to promote the common
prosperity of all the nationalities.
China's achievements in revolution
and construction are inseparable
from the support of the people of
the world.
中国革命和建设的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的对外政策，坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则，发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化的交流；
The future of China is closely
linked to the future of the world.
China consistently carries out an
independent foreign policy and
adheres to the five principles of
mutual respect for sovereignty and
territorial integrity, mutual
non-aggression, non-interference in
each other's internal affairs,
equality and mutual benefit, and
peaceful coexistence in developing
diplomatic relations and economic
and cultural exchanges with other
countries.
坚持反对帝国主义、霸权主义、殖民主义，加强同世界各国人民的团结，支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争，为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。
China consistently opposes
imperialism, hegemonism and
colonialism, works to strengthen
unity with the people of other
countries, supports the oppressed
nations and the developing countries
in their just struggle to win and
preserve national independence and
develop their national economies,
and strives to safeguard world peace
and promote the cause of human
progress.
本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。
This Constitution, in legal form,
affirms the achievements of the
struggles of the Chinese people of
all nationalities and defines the
basic system and basic tasks of the
state; it is the fundamental law of
the state and has supreme legal
authority.
全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。
The people of all nationalities, all
state organs, the armed forces, all
political parties and public
organizations and all enterprises
and institutions in the country must
take the Constitution as the basic
standard of conduct, and they have
the duty to uphold the dignity of
the Constitution and ensure its
implementation.
第一章
总
纲
Chapter I General Principles
第一条
中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。
Article 1 The People's Republic of
China is a socialist state under the
people's democratic dictatorship led
by the working class and based on
the alliance of workers and
peasants.
社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。
The socialist system is the basic
system of the People's Republic of
China. Disruption of the socialist
system by any organization or
individual is prohibited.
第二条
中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。
Article 2 All power in the People's
Republic of China belongs to the
people.
人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。
The National People's Congress and
the local people's congresses at
various levels are the organs
through which the people exercise
state power.
人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。
The people administer state affairs
and manage economic, cultural and
social affairs through various
channels and in various ways in
accordance with the law.
第三条
中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。
Article 3 The state organs of the
People's Republic of China apply the
principle of democratic centralism.
全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。
The National People's Congress and
the local people's congresses at
various levels are constituted
through democratic elections. They
are responsible to the people and
subject to their supervision.
国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。
All administrative, judicial and
procuratorial organs of the state
are created by the people's
congresses to which they are
responsible and by which they are
supervised.
中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分，遵循在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。
The division of functions and powers
between the central and local state
organs is guided by the principle of
giving full scope to the initiative
and enthusiasm of the local
authorities under the unified
leadership of the central
authorities.
第四条
中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系。
Article 4 All nationalities in the
People's Republic of China are
equal. The state protects the lawful
rights and interests of the minority
nationalities and upholds and
develops a relationship of equality,
unity and mutual assistance among
all of China's nationalities.
禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。
Discrimination against and
oppression of any nationality are
prohibited; any act which undermines
the unity of the nationalities or
instigates division is prohibited.
国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。
The state assists areas inhabited by
minority nationalities in
accelerating their economic and
cultural development according to
the characteristics and needs of the
various minority nationalities.
各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。
Regional autonomy is practised in
areas where people of minority
nationalities live in concentrated
communities; in these areas organs
of self-government are established
to exercise the power of autonomy.
All national autonomous areas are
integral parts of the People's
Republic of China.
各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。
All nationalities have the freedom
to use and develop their own spoken
and written languages and to
preserve or reform their own
folkways and customs.
第五条
国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。
Article 5 The state upholds the
uniformity and dignity of the
socialist legal system.
一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。
No laws or administrative or local
rules and regulations may contravene
the Constitution.
一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以追究。
All state organs, the armed forces,
all political parties and public
organizations and all enterprises
and institutions must abide by the
Constitution and the law. All acts
in violation of the Constitution or
the law must be investigated.
任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。
No organization or individual is
privileged to be beyond the
Constitution or the law.
第六条
中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。
Article 6 The basis of the socialist
economic system of the People's
Republic of China is socialist
public ownership of the means of
production, namely, ownership by the
whole people and collective
ownership by the working people.
社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度，实行各尽所能，按劳分配的原则。
The system of socialist public
ownership supersedes the system of
exploitation of man by man; it
applies the principle of "from each
according to his ability, to each
according to his work."
第七条
国营经济是社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国营经济的巩固和发展。
Article 7 The state economy is the
sector of socialist economy under
ownership by the whole people; it is
the leading force in the national
economy. The state ensures the
consolidation and growth of the
state economy.
第八条
农村人民公社、农业生产合作社和其他生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济，是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。
Article 8 Rural people's communes,
agricultural producers cooperatives
and other forms of cooperatives
economy, such as producers', supply
and marketing, credit and consumers
cooperatives, belong to the sector
of socialist economy under
collective ownership by the working
people.
参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者，有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。
Working people who are members of
rural economic collective have the
right, within the limits prescribed
by law, to farm plots of cropland
and hilly land allotted for their
private use, engage in household
sideline production and raise
privately owned livestock.
城镇中的手工业、工业、建筑业、运输业、商业、服务业等行业的各种形式的合作经济，都是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。
The various forms of cooperative
economy in the cities and towns,
such as those in the handicraft,
industrial, building, transport,
commercial and service trades, all
belong to the sector of socialist
economy under collective ownership
by the working people.
国家保护城乡集体经济组织的合法的权利和利益，鼓励、指导和帮助集体经济的发展。
The state protects the lawful rights
and interests of the urban and rural
economic collective and encourages,
guides and helps the growth of the
collective economy.
第九条
矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，都属于国家所有，即全民所有；由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。
Article 9 All mineral resources,
waters, forests, mountains,
grassland, unreclaimed land, beaches
and other natural resources are
owned by the state, that is, by the
whole people, with the exception of
the forests, mountains, grasslands,
unreclaimed land and beaches that
are owned by collective in
accordance with the law.
国家保障自然资源的合理利用，保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。
The state ensures the rational use
of natural resources and protects
rare animals and plants.
Appropriation or damaging of natural
resources by any organization or
individual by whatever means is
prohibited.
第十条
城市的土地属于国家所有。
Article 10 Land in the cities is
owned by the state.
农村和城市郊区的土地，除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外，属于集体所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也属于集体所有。
Land in the rural and suburban areas
is owned by collectives except for
those portions which belong to the
state in accordance with the law;
house sites and privately farmed
plots of cropland and hilly land are
also owned by collectives.
国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律规定对土地实行征用。
The state may, in the public
interest, requisition land for its
use in accordance with the law.
任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖、出租或者以其他形式非法转让土地。
No organization or individual may
appropriate, buy, sell or lease land
or otherwise engage in the transfer
of land by unlawful means.
一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。
All organizations and individuals
using land must ensure its rational
use.
第十一条
在法律规定范围内的城乡劳动者个体经济，是社会主义公有制经济的补充。国家保护个体经济的合法的权利和利益。
Article 11 The individual economy of
urban and rural working people,
operating within the limits
prescribed by law, is a complement
to the socialist public economy. The
state protects the lawful rights and
interests of the individual economy.
国家通过行政管理，指导、帮助和监督个体经济。
The state guides, assists and
supervises the individual economy by
administrative control.
第十二条
社会主义的公共财产神圣不可侵犯。
Article 12 Socialist public property
is inviolable.
国家保护社会主义的公共财产。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏国家的和集体的财产。
The state protects socialist public
property. Appropriation or damaging
of state or collective property by
any organization or individual by
whatever means is prohibited.
第十三条
国家保护公民的合法的收入、储蓄、房屋和其他合法财产的所有权。
Article 13 The state protects the
right of citizens to own lawfully
earned income, savings, houses and
other lawful property.
国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产的继承权。
The state protects according to law
the right of citizens to inherit
private property.
第十四条
国家通过提高劳动者的积极性和技术水平，推广先进的科学技术，完善经济管理体制和企业经营管理制度，实行各种形式的社会主义责任制，改进劳动组织，以不断提高劳动生产率和经济效益，发展社会生产力。
Article 14 The state continuously
raises labour productivity, improves
economic results and develops the
productive forces by enhancing the
enthusiasm of the working people,
raising the level of their technical
skill, disseminating advanced
science and technology, improving
the systems of economic
administration and enterprise
operation and management,
instituting the socialist system of
responsibility in various forms and
improving the organization of work.
国家厉行节约，反对浪费。
The state practises strict economy
and combats waste.
国家合理安排积累和消费，兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益，在发展生产的基础上，逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活。
The state properly apportions
accumulation and consumption,
concerns itself with the interests
of the collective and the individual
as well as of the state and, on the
basis of expanded production,
gradually improves the material and
cultural life of the people.
第十五条
国家在社会主义公有制基础上实行计划经济。国家通过经济计划的综合平衡和市场调节的辅助作用，保证国民经济按比例地协调发展。
Article 15 The state practises
planned economy on the basis of
socialist public ownership. It
ensures the proportionate and
coordinated growth of the national
economy through overall balancing by
economic planning and the
supplementary role of regulation by
the market.
禁止任何组织或者个人扰乱社会经济秩序，破坏国家经济计划。
Disturbance of the socioeconomic
order or disruption of the state
economic plan by any organization or
individual is prohibited.
第十六条
国营企业在服从国家的统一领导和全面完成国家计划的前提下，在法律规定的范围内，有经营管理的自主权。
Article 16 State enterprises have
decision-making power with regard to
operation and management within the
limits prescribed by law, on
condition that they submit to
unified leadership by the state and
fulfil all their obligations under
the state plan.
国营企业依照法律规定，通过职工代表大会和其他形式，实行民主管理。
State enterprises practise
democratic management through
congresses of workers and staff and
in other ways in accordance with the
law.
第十七条
集体经济组织在接受国家计划指导和遵守有关法律的前提下，有独立进行经济活动的自主权。
Article 17 Collective economic
organizations have decision-making
power in conducting independent
economic activities, on condition
that they accept the guidance of the
state plan and abide by the relevant
laws.
集体经济组织依照法律规定实行民主管理，由它的全体劳动者选举和罢免管理人员，决定经营管理的重大问题。
Collective economic organizations
practise democratic management in
accordance with the law. The entire
body of their workers elects or
removes their managerial personnel
and decides on major issues
concerning operation and management.
第十八条
中华人民共和国允许外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资，同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。
Article 18 The People's Republic of
China permits foreign enterprises,
other foreign economic organizations
and individual foreigners to invest
in China and to enter into various
forms of economic cooperation with
Chinese enterprises and other
Chinese economic organizations in
accordance with the law of the
People's Republic of China.
在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业，都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。
All foreign enterprises, other
foreign economic organizations as
well as Chinese-foreign joint
ventures within Chinese territory
shall abide by the law of the
People's Republic of China. Their
lawful rights and interests are
protected by the law of the People's
Republic of China.
第十九条
国家发展社会主义的教育事业，提高全国人民的科学文化水平。
Article 19 The state undertakes the
development of socialist education
and works to raise the scientific
and cultural level of the whole
nation.
国家举办各种学校，普及初等义务教育，发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育，并且发展学前教育。
The state establishes and
administers schools of various
types, universalizes compulsory
primary education and promotes
secondary, vocational and higher
education as well as preschool
education.
国家发展各种教育设施，扫除文盲，对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育，鼓励自学成才。
The state develops educational
facilities in order to eliminate
illiteracy and provide political,
scientific, technical and
professional education as well as
general education for workers,
peasants, state functionaries and
other working people. It encourages
people to become educated through
independent study.
国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。
The state encourages the collective
economic organizations, state
enterprises and institutions and
other sectors of society to
establish educational institutions
of various types in accordance with
the law.
国家推广全国通用的普通话。
The state promotes the nationwide
use of Putonghua (common speech
based on Beijing pronunciation).
第二十条
国家发展自然科学和社会科学事业，普及科学和技术知识，奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。
Article 20 The state promotes the
development of the natural and
social sciences, disseminates
knowledge of science and technology,
and commends and rewards
achievements in scientific research
as well as technological innovations
and inventions.
第二十一条
国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和我国传统医药，鼓励和支持农村集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和街道组织举办各种医疗卫生设施，开展群众性的卫生活动，保护人民健康。
Article 21 The state develops
medical and health services,
promotes modern medicine and
traditional Chinese medicine,
encourages and supports the setting
up of various medical and health
facilities by the rural economic
collectives, state enterprises and
institutions and neighbourhood
organizations, and promotes health
and sanitation activities of a mass
character, all for the protection of
the people's health.
国家发展体育事业，开展群众性的体育活动，增强人民体质。
The state develops physical culture
and promotes mass sports activities
to improve the people's physical
fitness.
第二十二条
国家发展为人民服务、为社会主义服务的文学艺术事业、新闻广播电视事业、出版发行事业、图书馆博物馆文化馆和其他文化事业，开展群众性的文化活动。
Article 22 The state promotes the
development of art and literature,
the press, radio and television
broadcasting, publishing and
distribution services, libraries,
museums, cultural centres and other
cultural undertakings that serve the
people and socialism, and it
sponsors mass cultural activities.
国家保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产。
The state protects sites of scenic
and historical interest, valuable
cultural monuments and relics and
other significant items of China's
historical and cultural heritage.
第二十三条
国家培养为社会主义服务的各种专业人才，扩大知识分子的队伍，创造条件，充分发挥他们在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。
Article 23 The state trains
specialized personnel in all fields
who serve socialism, expands the
ranks of intellectuals and creates
conditions to give full scope to
their role in socialist
modernization.
第二十四条
国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育，通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约，加强社会主义精神文明的建设。
Article 24 The state strengthens the
building of a socialist society with
an advanced culture and ideology by
promoting education in high ideals,
ethics, general knowledge,
discipline and legality, and by
promoting the formulation and
observance of rules of conduct and
common pledges by various sections
of the people in urban and rural
areas.
国家提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德，在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育，进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育，反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。
The state advocates the civic
virtues of love of the motherland,
of the people, of labour, of science
and of socialism. It conducts
education among the people in
patriotism and collectivism, in
internationalism and communism and
in dialectical and historical
materialism, to combat capitalist,
feudal and other decadent ideas.
第二十五条
国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。
Article 25 The state promotes family
planning so that population growth
may fit the plans for economic and
social development.
第二十六条
国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。
Article 26 The state protects and
improves the environment in which
people live and the ecological
environment. It prevents and
controls pollution and other public
hazards.
国家组织和鼓励植树造林，保护林木。
The state organizes and encourages
afforestation and the protection of
forests.
第二十七条
一切国家机关实行精简的原则，实行工作责任制，实行工作人员的培训和考核制度，不断提高工作质量和工作效率，反对官僚主义。
Article 27 All state organs carry
out the principle of simple and
efficient administration, the system
of responsibility for work and the
system of training functionaries and
appraising their performance in
order constantly to improve the
quality of work and efficiency and
combat bureaucratism.
一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持，经常保持同人民的密切联系，倾听人民的意见和建议，接受人民的监督，努力为人民服务。
All state organs and functionaries
must rely on the support of the
people, keep in close touch with
them, heed their opinions and
suggestions, accept their
supervision and do their best to
serve them.
第二十八条
国家维护社会秩序，镇压叛国和其他反革命的活动，制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动，惩办和改造犯罪分子。
Article 28 The state maintains
public order and suppresses
treasonable and other
counter-revolutionary activities; it
penalizes criminal activities that
endanger public security and disrupt
the socialist economy as well as
other criminal activities; and it
punishes and reforms criminals.
第二十九条
中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。
Article 29 The armed forces of the
People's Republic of China belong to
the people.
它的任务是巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，努力为人民服务。
Their tasks are to strengthen
national defence, resist aggression,
defend the motherland, safeguard the
people's peaceful labour,
participate in national
reconstruction and do their best to
serve the people.
国家加强武装力量的革命化、现代化、正规化的建设，增强国防力量。
The state strengthens the
revolutionization, modernization and
regularization of the armed forces
in order to increase national
defence capability.
第三十条
中华人民共和国的行政区域划分如下：
Article 30 The administrative
division of the People's Republic of
China is as follows:
（一）全国分为省、自治区、直辖市；
(1) The country is divided into
provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the
Central Government;
（二）省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市；
(2) Provinces and autonomous
regions are divided into autonomous
prefectures, counties, autonomous
counties, and cities;
（三）县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇。
(3) Counties and autonomous counties
are divided into townships,
nationality townships, and towns.
直辖市和较大的市分为区、县。自治州分为县、自治县、市。
Municipalities directly under the
Central Government and other large
cities are divided into districts
and counties. Autonomous prefectures
are divided into counties,
autonomous counties, and cities.
自治区、自治州、自治县都是民族自治地方。
All autonomous regions, autonomous
prefectures and autonomous counties
are national autonomous areas.
第三十一条
国家在必要时得设立特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。
Article 31 The state may establish
special administrative regions when
necessary. The systems to be
instituted in special administrative
regions shall be prescribed by law
enacted by the National People's
Congress in the light of specific
conditions.
第三十二条
中华人民共和国保护在中国境内的外国人的合法权利和利益，在中国境内的外国人必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。
Article 32 The People's Republic of
China protects the lawful rights and
interests of foreigners within
Chinese territory; foreigners on
Chinese territory must abide by the
laws of the People's Republic of
China.
中华人民共和国对于因为政治原因要求避难的外国人，可以给予受庇护的权利。
The People's Republic of China may
grant asylum to foreigners who
request it for political reasons.
第二章
公民的基本权利和义务
Chapter II The Fundamental Rights
and Duties of Citizens
第三十三条
凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。
Article 33 All persons holding the
nationality of the People's Republic
of China are citizens of the
People's Republic of China.
中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。
All citizens of the People's
Republic of China are equal before
the law.
任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利，同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。
Every citizen is entitled to the
rights and at the same time must
perform the duties prescribed by the
Constitution and the law.
第三十四条
中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权；但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人除外。
Article 34 All citizens of the
People's Republic of China who have
reached the age of 18 have the right
to vote and stand for election,
regardless of ethnic status, race,
sex, occupation, family background,
religious belief, education,
property status or length of
residence, except persons deprived
of political rights according to
law.
第三十五条
中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。
Article 35 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China enjoy freedom of
speech, of the press, of assembly,
of association, of procession and of
demonstration.
第三十六条
中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。
Article 36 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China enjoy freedom of
religious belief.
任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。
No state organ, public organization
or individual may compel citizens to
believe in, or not to believe in,
any religion; nor may they
discriminate against citizens who
believe in, or do not believe in,
any religion.
国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。
The state protects normal religious
activities. No one may make use of
religion to engage in activities
that disrupt public order, impair
the health of citizens or interfere
with the educational system of the
state.
宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。
Religious bodies and religious
affairs are not subject to any
foreign domination.
第三十七条
中华人民共和国公民的人身自由不受侵犯。
Article 37 Freedom of the person of
citizens of the People's Republic of
China is inviolable.
任何公民，非经人民检察院批准或者决定或者人民法院决定，并由公安机关执行，不受逮捕。
No citizen may be arrested except
with the approval or by decision of
a people's procuratorate or by
decision of a people's court, and
arrests must be made by a public
security organ.
禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身体。
Unlawful detention or deprivation or
restriction of citizens freedom of
the person by other means is
prohibited, and unlawful search of
the person of citizens is
prohibited.
第三十八条
中华人民共和国公民的人格尊严不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。
Article 38 The personal dignity of
citizens of the People's Republic of
China is inviolable. Insult, libel,
false accusation or false
incrimination directed against
citizens by any means is prohibited.
第三十九条
中华人民共和国公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。
Article 39 The residences of
citizens of the People's Republic of
China are inviolable. Unlawful
search of, or intrusion into, a
citizen's residence is prohibited.
第四十条
中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外，任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。
Article 40 Freedom and privacy of
correspondence of citizens of the
People's Republic of China are
protected by law. No organization or
individual may, on any ground,
infringe upon citizens freedom and
privacy of correspondence, except in
cases where, to meet the needs of
state security or of criminal
investigation, public security or
procuratorial organs are permitted
to censor correspondence in
accordance with procedures
prescribed by law.
第四十一条
中华人民共和国公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员，有提出批评和建议的权利；对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为，有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。
Article 41 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China have the right to
criticize and make suggestions
regarding any state organ or
functionary. Citizens have the right
to make to relevant state organs
complaints or charges against, or
exposures of, any state organ or
functionary for violation of the law
or dereliction of duty; but
fabrication or distortion of facts
for purposes of libel or false
incrimination is prohibited.
对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举，有关国家机关必须查清事实，负责处理。
The state organ concerned must deal
with complaints, charges or
exposures made by citizens in a
responsible manner after
ascertaining the facts.
任何人不得压制和打击报复。
No one may suppress such complaints,
charges and exposures or retaliate
against the citizens making them.
由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人，有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。
Citizens who have suffered losses as
a result of infringement of their
civic rights by any state organ or
functionary have the right to
compensation in accordance with the
law.
第四十二条
中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。
Article 42 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China have the right as
well as the duty to work.
国家通过各种途径，创造劳动就业条件，加强劳动保护，改善劳动条件，并在发展生产的基础上，提高劳动报酬和福利待遇。
Through various channels, the state
creates conditions for employment,
enhances occupational safety and
health, improves working conditions
and, on the basis of expanded
production, increases remuneration
for work and welfare benefits.
劳动是一切有劳动能力的公民的光荣职责。国营企业和城乡集体经济组织的劳动者都应当以国家主人翁的态度对待自己的劳动。
Work is a matter of honour for every
citizen who is able to work. All
working people in state enterprises
and in urban and rural economic
collectives should approach their
work as the masters of the country
that they are.
国家提倡社会主义劳动竞赛，奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。
The state promotes socialist labour
emulation, and commends and rewards
model and advanced workers. The
state encourages citizens to take
part in voluntary labour.
国家对就业前的公民进行必要的劳动就业训练。
The state provides necessary
vocational training for citizens
before they are employed.
第四十三条
中华人民共和国劳动者有休息的权利。
Article 43 Working people in the
People's Republic of China have the
right to rest.
国家发展劳动者休息和休养的设施，规定职工的工作时间和休假制度。
The state expands facilities for the
rest and recuperation of the working
people and prescribes working hours
and vacations for workers and staff.
第四十四条
国家依照法律规定实行企业事业组织的职工和国家机关工作人员的退休制度。退休人员的生活受到国家和社会的保障。
Article 44 The state applies the
system of retirement for workers and
staff of enterprises and
institutions and for functionaries
of organs of state according to law.
The livelihood of retired personnel
is ensured by the state and society.
第四十五条
中华人民共和国公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下，有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。
Article 45 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China have the right to
material assistance from the state
and society when they are old, ill
or disabled.
国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。
The state develops social insurance,
social relief and medical and health
services that are required for
citizens to enjoy this right.
国家和社会保障残废军人的生活，抚恤烈士家属，优待军人家属。
The state and society ensure the
livelihood of disabled members of
the armed forces, provide pensions
to the families of martyrs and give
preferential treatment to the
families of military personnel.
国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。
The state and society help make
arrangements for the work,
livelihood and education of the
blind, deaf-mutes and other
handicapped citizens.
第四十六条
中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务。
Article 46 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China have the duty as
well as the right to receive
education.
国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展。
The state promotes the all-round
development of children and young
people, morally, intellectually and
physically.
第四十七条
中华人民共和国公民有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作，给以鼓励和帮助。
Article 47 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China have the freedom
to engage in scientific research,
literary and artistic creation and
other cultural pursuits. The state
encourages and assists creative
endeavors conducive to the interests
of the people that are made by
citizens engaged in education,
science, technology, literature, art
and other cultural work.
第四十八条
中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。
Article 48 Women in the People's
Republic of China enjoy equal rights
with men in all spheres of life, in
political, economic, cultural,
social and family life.
国家保护妇女的权利和利益，实行男女同工同酬，培养和选拔妇女干部。
The state protects the rights and
interests of women, applies the
principle of equal pay for equal
work to men and women alike and
trains and selects cadres from among
women.
第四十九条
婚姻、家庭、母亲和儿童受国家的保护。
Article 49 Marriage, the family and
mother and child are protected by
the state.
夫妻双方有实行计划生育的义务。
Both husband and wife have the duty
to practise family planning.
父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。
Parents have the duty to rear and
educate their children who are
minors, and children who have come
of age have the duty to support and
assist their parents. Violation of
the freedom of marriage is
prohibited.
禁止破坏婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、妇女和儿童。
Maltreatment of old people, women
and children is prohibited.
第五十条
中华人民共和国保护华侨的正当的权利和利益，保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益。
Article 50 The People's Republic of
China protects the legitimate rights
and interests of Chinese nationals
residing abroad and protects the
lawful rights and interests of
returned overseas Chinese and of the
family members of Chinese nationals
residing abroad.
第五十一条
中华人民共和国公民在行使自由和权利的时候，不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利。
Article 51 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China, in exercising
their freedoms and rights, may not
infringe upon the interests of the
state, of society or of the
collective, or upon the lawful
freedoms and rights of other
citizens.
第五十二条
中华人民共和国公民有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。
Article 52 It is the duty of
citizens of the People's Republic of
China to safeguard the unification
of the country and the unity of all
its nationalities.
第五十三条
中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，爱护公共财产，遵守劳动纪律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社会公德。
Article 53 Citizens of the People's
Republic of China must abide by the
Constitution and the law, keep state
secrets, protect public property,
observe labour discipline and public
order and respect social ethics.
第五十四条
中华人民共和国公民有维护祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的义务，不得有危害祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。
Article 54 It is the duty of
citizens of the People's Republic of
China to safeguard the security,
honour and interests of the
motherland; they must not commit
acts detrimental to the security,
honour and interests of the
motherland.
第五十五条
保卫祖国、抵抗侵略是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。
Article 55 It is the sacred duty of
every citizen of the People's
Republic of China to defend the
motherland and resist aggression.
依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务。
It is the honorable duty of citizens
of the People's Republic of China to
perform military service and join
the militia in accordance with the
law.
第五十六条
中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务。
Article 56 It is duty of citizens of
the People's Republic of China to
pay taxes in accordance with the
law.
第三章
国家机构
第一节
全国人民代表大会
Chapter III The Structure of the
State Section 1 The National
People's Congress
第五十七条
中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。
Article 57 The National People's
Congress of the People's Republic of
China is the highest organ of state
power. Its permanent body is the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress.
第五十八条
全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。
Article 58 The National People's
Congress and its Standing Committee
exercise the legislative power of
the state.
第五十九条
全国人民代表大会由省、自治区、直辖市和军队选出的代表组成。各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。
Article 59 The National People's
Congress is composed of deputies
elected from the provinces,
autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the
Central Government and of deputies
elected from the armed forces. All
the minority nationalities are
entitled to appropriate
representation.
全国人民代表大会代表的选举由全国人民代表大会常务委员会主持。
Election of deputies to the National
People's Congress is conducted by
the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress.
全国人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。
The number of deputies to the
National People's Congress and the
procedure of their election are
prescribed by law.
第六十条
全国人民代表大会每届任期五年。
Article 60 The National People's
Congress is elected for a term of
five years.
全国人民代表大会任期届满的两个月以前，全国人民代表大会常务委员会必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。
The Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress must
ensure the completion of election of
deputies to the succeeding National
People's Congress two months prior
to the expiration of the term of
office of the current National
People's Congress.
如果遇到不能进行选举的非常情况，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会以全体组成人员的三分之二以上的多数通过，可以推迟选举，延长本届全国人民代表大会的任期。
Should extraordinary circumstances
prevent such an election, it may be
postponed and the term of office of
the current National People's
Congress extended by the decision of
a vote of more than two-thirds of
all those on the Standing Committee
of the current National People's
Congress.
在非常情况结束后一年内，必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。
The election of deputies to the
succeeding National People's
Congress must be completed within
one year after the termination of
such extraordinary circumstances.
第六十一条
全国人民代表大会会议每年举行一次，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。如果全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要，或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，可以临时召集全国人民代表大会会议。
Article 61 The National People's
Congress meets in session once a
year and is convened by its Standing
Committee. A session of the National
People's Congress may be convened at
any time the Standing Committee
deems it necessary or when more than
one-fifth of the deputies to the
National People's Congress so
propose.
全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候，选举主席团主持会议。
When the National People's Congress
meets, it elects a Presidium to
conduct its session.
第六十二条
全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：
Article 62 The National People's
Congress exercises the following
functions and powers:
（一）修改宪法；
(1) to amend the Constitution;
（二）监督宪法的实施；
(2) to supervise the enforcement of
the Constitution;
（三）制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律；
(3) to enact and amend basic laws
governing criminal offences, civil
affairs, the state organs and other
matters;
（四）选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席；
(4) to elect the President and the
Vice-President of the People's
Republic of China;
（五）根据中华人民共和国主席的提名，决定国务院总理的人选；根据国务院总理的提名，决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选；
(5) to decide on the choice of the
Premier of the State Council upon
nomination by the President of the
People's Republic of China, and on
the choice of the Vice-Premiers,
State Councillors, Ministers in
charge of ministries or commissions,
the Auditor-General and the
Secretary-General of the State
Council upon nomination by the
Premier;
（六）选举中央军事委员会主席；根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选；
(6) to elect the Chairman of the
Central Military Commission and,
upon nomination by the Chairman, to
decide on the choice of all other
members of the Central Military
Commission;
（七）选举最高人民法院院长；
(7) to elect the President of the
Supreme People's Court;
（八）选举最高人民检察院检察长；
(8) to elect the Procurator-General
of the Supreme People's
Procuratorate;
（九）审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；
(9) to examine and approve the plan
for national economic and social
development and the report on its
implementation;
（十）审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告；
(10) to examine and approve the
state budget and the report on its
implementation;
（十一）改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定；
(11) to alter or annul
inappropriate decisions of the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress;
（十二）批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置；
(12) to approve the establishment
of provinces, autonomous regions,
and municipalities directly under
the Central Government;
（十三）决定特别行政区的设立及其制度；
(13) to decide on the establishment
of special administrative regions
and the systems to be instituted
there;
（十四）决定战争和和平的问题；
(14) to decide on questions of war
and peace;
（十五）应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权。
and (15) to exercise such other
functions and powers as the highest
organ of state power should
exercise.
第六十三条
全国人民代表大会有权罢免下列人员：
Article 63 The National People's
Congress has the power to remove
from office the following persons:
（一）中华人民共和国主席、副主席；
(1) the President and the
Vice-President of the People's
Republic of China;
（二）国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长；
(2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers,
State Councillors, Ministers in
charge of ministries or commissions,
the Auditor-General and the
Secretary-General of the State
Council;
（三）中央军事委员会主席和中央军事委员会其他组成人员；
(3) the Chairman of the Central
Military Commission and other
members of the Commission;
（四）最高人民法院院长；
(4) the President of the Supreme
People's Court;
（五）最高人民检察院检察长。
and (5) the Procurator-General of
the Supreme People's Procuratorate.
第六十四条
宪法的修改，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。
Article 64 Amendments to the
Constitution are to be proposed by
the Standing Committee of the
National People's Congress or by
more than one-fifth of the deputies
to the National People's Congress
and adopted by a vote of more than
two-thirds of all the deputies to
the Congress.
法律和其他议案由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的过半数通过。
Laws and resolutions are to be
adopted by a majority vote of all
the deputies to the National
People's Congress.
第六十五条
全国人民代表大会常务委员会由下列人员组成：
Article 65 The Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress is
composed of the following:
委员长，副委员长若干人，秘书长，委员若干人。
the Chairman; the Vice-Chairmen;
the Secretary-General; and the
members.
全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中，应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。
Minority nationalities are entitled
to appropriate representation on the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress.
全国人民代表大会选举并有权罢免全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。
The National People's Congress
elects, and has the power to recall,
members of its Standing Committee.
全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。
No one on the Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress shall
hold office in any of the
administrative, judicial or
procuratorial organs of the state.
第六十六条
全国人民代表大会常务委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，它行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出新的常务委员会为止。
Article 66 The Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress is
elected for the same term as the
National People's Congress; it shall
exercise its functions and powers
until a new Standing Committee is
elected by the succeeding National
People's Congress.
委员长、副委员长连续任职不得超过两届。
The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of
the Standing Committee shall serve
no more than two consecutive terms.
第六十七条
全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使下列职权：
Article 67 The Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress
exercises the following functions
and powers:
（一）解释宪法，监督宪法的实施；
(1) to interpret the Constitution
and supervise its enforcement;
（二）制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律；
(2) to enact and amend laws, with
the exception of those which should
be enacted by the National People's
Congress;
（三）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触；
(3) to partially supplement and
amend, when the National People's
Congress is not in session, laws
enacted by the National People's
Congress provided that the basic
principles of these laws are not
contravened;
（四）解释法律；
(4) to interpret laws;
（五）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预算在执行过程中所必须作的部分调整方案；
(5) to review and approve, when the
National People's Congress is not in
session, partial adjustments to the
plan for national economic and
social development or to the state
budget that prove necessary in the
course of their implementation;
（六）监督国务院、中央军事委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作；
(6) to supervise the work of the
State Council, the Central Military
Commission, the Supreme People's
Court and the Supreme People's
Procuratorate;
（七）撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令；
(7) to annul those administrative
rules and regulations, decisions or
orders of the State Council that
contravene the Constitution or the
law;
（八）撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议；
(8) to annul those local regulations
or decisions of the organs of state
power of provinces, autonomous
regions, and municipalities directly
under the Central Government that
contravene the Constitution, the law
or the administrative rules and
regulations;
（九）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据国务院总理的提名，决定部长、委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选；
(9) to decide, when the National
People's Congress is not in session,
on the choice of Ministers in charge
of ministries or commissions, the
Auditor-General or the
Secretary-General of the State
Council upon nomination by the
Premier of the State Council;
（十）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选；
(10) to decide, upon nomination by
the Chairman of the Central Military
Commission, on the choice of other
members of the Commission, when the
National People's Congress is not in
session;
（十一）根据最高人民法院院长的提请，任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委员会委员和军事法院院长；
(11) to appoint or remove, at the
recommendation of the President of
the Supreme People's Court, the
Vice-Presidents and Judges of the
Supreme People's Court, members of
its Judicial Committee and the
President of the Military Court;
（十二）根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请，任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长，并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免；
(12) to appoint or remove, at the
recommendation of the
Procurator-General of the Supreme
People's Procuratorate, the Deputy
Procurators-General and procurators
of the Supreme People's
Procuratorate, members of its
Procuratorial Committee and the
Chief Procurator of the Military
Procuratorate, and to approve the
appointment or removal of the chief
procurators of the people's
procuratorates of provinces,
autonomous regions, and
municipalities directly under the
Central Government;
（十三）决定驻外全权代表的任免；
(13) to decide on the appointment
or recall of plenipotentiary
representatives abroad;
（十四）决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除；
(14) to decide on the ratification
or abrogation of treaties and
important agreements concluded with
foreign states;
（十五）规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度；
(15) to institute systems of titles
and ranks for military and
diplomatic personnel and of other
specific titles and ranks;
（十六）规定和决定授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号；
(16) to institute state medals and
titles of honour and decide on their
conferment;
（十七）决定特赦；
(17) to decide on the granting of
special pardons;
（十八）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况，决定战争状态的宣布；
(18) to decide, when the National
People's Congress is not in session,
on the proclamation of a state of
war in the event of an armed attack
on the country or in fulfillment of
international treaty obligations
concerning common defence against
aggression;
（十九）决定全国总动员或者局部动员；
(19) to decide on general
mobilization or partial
mobilization;
（二十）决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市的戒严；
(20) to decide on the imposition of
martial law throughout the country
or in particular provinces,
autonomous regions, or
municipalities directly under the
Central Government;
（二十一）全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。
and (21) to exercise such other
functions and powers as the National
People's Congress may assign to it.
第六十八条
全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长主持全国人民代表大会常务委员会的工作，召集全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议。副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。
Article 68 The Chairman of the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress directs the work
of the Standing Committee and
convenes its meetings. The
Vice-Chairmen and the
Secretary-General assist the
Chairman in his work.
委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议，处理全国人民代表大会常务委员会的重要日常工作。
The Chairman, the Vice-Chairmen and
the Secretary-General constitute the
Council of Chairmen which handles
the important day-to-day work of the
Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress.
第六十九条
全国人民代表大会常务委员会对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。
Article 69 The Standing Committee of
the National People's Congress is
responsible to the National People's
Congress and reports on its work to
the Congress.
第七十条
全国人民代表大会设立民族委员会、法律委员会、财政经济委员会、教育科学文化卫生委员会、外事委员会、华侨委员会和其他需要设立的专门委员会。
Article 70 The National People's
Congress establishes a Nationalities
Committee, a Law Committee, a
Finance and Economic Committee, an
Education, Science, Culture and
Public Health Committee, a Foreign
Affairs Committee, an Overseas
Chinese Committee and such other
special committees as are
necessary.
在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，各专门委员会受全国人民代表大会常务委员会的领导。
These special committees work under
the direction of the Standing
Committee of the National People's
Congress when the Congress is not in
session.
各专门委员会在全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会领导下，研究、审议和拟订有关议案。
The special committees examine,
discuss and draw up relevant bills
and draft resolutions under the
direction of the National People's
Congress and its Standing Committee.
第七十一条
全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要的时候，可以组织关于特定问题的调查委员会，并且根据调查委员会的报告，作出相应的决议。
Article 71 The National People's
Congress and its Standing Committee
may, when they deem it necessary,
appoint committees of inquiry into
specific questions and adopt
relevant resolutions in the light of
their reports.
调查委员会进行调查的时候，一切有关的国家机关、社会团体和公民都有义务向它提供必要的材料。
All organs of state, public
organizations and citizens concerned
are obliged to furnish necessary
information to the committees of
inquiry when they conduct
investigations.
第七十二条
全国人民代表大会代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员，有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的议案。
Article 72 Deputies to the National
People's Congress and members of its
Standing Committee have the right,
in accordance with procedures
prescribed by law, to submit bills
and proposals within the scope of
the respective functions and powers
of the National People's Congress
and its Standing Committee.
第七十三条
全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会开会期间，全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员在常务委员会开会期间，有权依照法律规定的程序提出对国务院或者国务院各部、各委员会的质询案。受质询的机关必须负责答复。
Article 73 Deputies to the National
People's Congress and members of the
Standing Committee have the right,
during the sessions of the Congress
and the meetings of the Committee,
to address questions, in accordance
with procedures prescribed by law,
to the State Council or the
ministries and commissions under the
State Council, which must answer the
questions in a responsible manner.
第七十四条
全国人民代表大会代表，非经全国人民代表大会会议主席团许可，在全国人民代表大会闭会期间非经全国人民代表大会常务委员会许可，不受逮捕或者刑事审判。
Article 74 No deputy to the National
People's Congress may be arrested or
placed on criminal trial without the
consent of the Presidium of the
current session of the National
People's Congress or, when the
National People's Congress is not in
session, without the consent of its
Standing Committee.
第七十五条
全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会各种会议上的发言和表决，不受法律追究。
Article 75 Deputies to the National
People's Congress may not be held
legally liable for their speeches or
votes at its meetings.
第七十六条
全国人民代表大会代表必须模范地遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，并且在自己参加的生产、工作和社会活动中，协助宪法和法律的实施。
Article 76 Deputies to the National
People's Congress must play an
exemplary role in abiding by the
Constitution and the law and keeping
state secrets and, in public
activities, production and other
work, assist in the enforcement of
the Constitution and the law.
全国人民代表大会代表应当同原选举单位和人民保持密切的联系，听取和反映人民的意见和要求，努力为人民服务。
Deputies to the National People's
Congress should maintain close
contact with the units which elected
them and with the people, heed and
convey the opinions and demands of
the people and work hard to serve
them.
第七十七条
全国人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督。原选举单位有权依照法律规定的程序罢免本单位选出的代表。
Article 77 Deputies to the National
People's Congress are subject to
supervision by the units which
elected them. The electoral units
have the power, through procedures
prescribed by law, to recall
deputies they elected.
第七十八条
全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组织和工作程序由法律规定。
Article 78 The organization and
working procedures of the National
People's Congress and its Standing
Committee are prescribed by law.
